elements of counselling pdf

As a result, the counseling process typically involves weaving between (a) talking about emotional personal narratives and (b) efforts to make sense of those narratives (that is, meaning making). Instead, counselors challenge clients to provide proof that their catastrophic beliefs will come true. Brammer, L., & Shostrom, E. (1989). Clients may find it helpful, for example, to know that (a) they will do most of the talking, (b) they may experience painful feelings before they begin to feel better, (c) exceptions exist regarding the confidentiality of counseling, (d) persons in counseling are not inherently weak, and (e) most individuals in counseling are quite sane. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 24, 293301. Rachman, S., & Hodgson, R. (1974). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 269281. WITH WHAT EMOTIONS ARE YOU UNCOMFORTABLE? (Eds.). Feelings are indicators of our psychological states, not the sole determinants of our behavior. Stanard, R., & Hazler, R. (1995). Malan, D. H. (1976). Not only did the counselor in this example interrupt, but he was wrong; and the former is more serious. Greensboro, NC: Author. 249273). Clients feelings about their counselors are generally referred to as transference. Many of the concepts presented in The Elements of Counseling can be related to these four components. Counseling is a psychological specialty and is used by many as a way to process their emotions and deal with their issues. APA Monitor, 30, 26. It is certainly permissible to ask about specific information or to seek elaboration, but clients may perceive a sequence of questions as threatening. IMPORTANT TOPICS 43 Using criteria such as those reported by Yalom and Leszcz (2005), counselors typically select clients for groups through individual interviews. Contents. Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy (3rd ed.). COUNSELOR: Always? . CLIENT 2: I probably felt most angry with my father right after he died. By openly acknowledging the clients discomfort, the counselor helped the client to relax and open up. New York: Guilford. Chapter 3: Strategies for Assisting Self-Awareness and Growth in Counseling. 4. Perez, J. E. (1999). 4976). Counseling and the information highway: Future possibilities and potential problems. 88 REFERENCES Pennebaker, J. W. & Beall, S. K. (1986). One technique counselors employ to show they are listening and yet stay out of the clients way is to use minimal encouragers (Egan, 2001). Clinical interviewing (3rd ed.). Frank and Frank (1991) suggest that the benefits of counseling derive not simply from specific techniques associated with different schools, but from elements common to all therapeutic approaches. Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon. A review of practices of psychotherapy outcome measurement. 9 INDIVIDUALIZE YOUR COUNSELING Each counselor eventually develops a personal style of counseling. Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 785831). Clients may also find it helpful to know that they can take some time to find a resolution to their problems. 86 REFERENCES Kremer, T. G., & Gesten, E. L. (1998). COUNSELOR: I think a psychological test might save time and help me get a better sense of what is happening with you. More 78 CHAPTER 6 information about schema therapy can be found at www.schematherapy.com and www.cognitivetherapy.me.uk/schema_theory.htm. A. Crises occur when individuals are faced with overwhelming problems that they feel they cannot handle (Caplan, 1961; Jacobs, 1999; Puryear, 1979; Slaikeu, 1990). Writing about emotional events, for example, can lead to long-term improvements but also produce short-term increases in emotional distress (Smyth, 1998). STRATEGIES TO ASSIST CLIENTS IN SELF-EXPLORATION CHAPTER 2 This chapter provides additional guidelines about a particularly important aspect of the counseling process: client self-exploration. Minimal encouragers are phrases like uh-huh and nonverbal gestures like head nods. Women and Therapy, 21, 6368. COUNSELOR: Its really tough to find a job that takes advantage of the important skills you developed during your marriage. CLIENT: Yes . Nichols, M., & Schwartz, R. (2007). Counseling in an international context. . In J. W. Lichtenberg & R. K. Goodyear (Eds. weve been fighting a lot. Tests are tools. Wachtel, P. L. (1999). Some counselors assess the psychological sophistication and level of motivation of their clients; others observe social maturity and intelligence. CLIENT: Well, I certainly understand how my parents and I get started on arguments. . New York: Springer. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 209217. For example, Juang and Tucker (1991) found differences in the amount of verbal communication between Taiwanese and Caucasian American married couples; these researchers also found a significant positive correlation between nonverbal communication and marital adjustment in the Taiwanese, but not the Caucasian, couples. See emotions Feminist therapy, 7072 Flexibility, 59 91 92 INDEX G Gay and lesbian clients, 41 Gender issues, 3940, 7072 Gentleness, 59 Gestalt therapy, 47, 67 Globalization, 42 Grief counseling, 4345 Group counseling, 6, 4243, 6869 H Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 62 I Idiographic measures, 5053 Individualizing counseling, 1011 Informed consent, 45 Insurance, 5 International situations, 42 Internet applications, 5355 Interruptions, 16 Interventions acceptance and commitment therapy, 77 advice, 1920 behavioral counseling, 65 brief therapy, 7274 client-centered counseling, 6465 cognitive counseling, 6566 crisis, 3539 emotion-focused therapy, 78 empirically supported treatments, 78 existential counseling, 68, 76 family counseling, 4243, 69 feminist therapy, 7072 Gestalt therapy, 47, 67 grief counseling, 4345 group counseling, 6, 4243, 6869 integrative approaches, 7475 multicultural counseling, 70 narrative therapy, 7577 nondirective therapy, 6465 peer counseling, 6 person-centered counseling, 6465 prolonged exposure therapy, 4445 psychoanalytic counseling, 6768 schema therapy, 7778 solution-focused therapy, 7274 web counseling, 5455 writing therapy, 45, 7577 Irrational beliefs, 30, 6566, 76 J Judging clients, 3132 L Leading clients, 57 Lethality, 3637 Linkage, 46 Listening skills, 3, 89, 2223 Loss, See grief counseling M Managed care, 5, 25, 5153 Metaphors, 2627 Military culture, 4142, 43 Mindfulness, 77 Minimal encouragers, 78 Models, client, 4951 Multicultural counseling, 70 N Narrative therapy, 45, 7577 Nomothetic measures, 50, 5253, 78 Nondirective therapy, 6465 Nonverbal communications, 2324 No-shows, 4849 O Outcome assessments, 5153, 78 P Pacing the client, 57, 12 Paraprofessional counseling, 6 Pauses, 89 Peer counseling, 6 Personal contact, 2 Personal issues, 5659 Person-centered counseling, 6465 Persuasion, 31 Physical setting, 1516 Positive thinking, 3031 Posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), 4345 Problem solving, 2021, 57 Process vs. content, 910 Progress notes, 48, 51, 52, 57 Prolonged exposure therapy, 4445 Promptness, 16 Psychoanalytic counseling, 6768 PTSD (posttraumatic stress syndrome), 4345 Q Questioning clients, 2122 R Racial issues, 4041 Rational thinking, 23, 3031, 6566, 76 Reasonable care, 6162 Referrals, 4546 Reflection of feelings, 56, 32 Research, 4748, 7880 Resistance, 1112 Restatement of content, 56 Role induction, 35, 52 INDEX S T Schema therapy, 7778 Self awareness, 5659 Self-disclosures, 25 Self-efficacy, 20 Self-exploration, 1920, 23 Self-involving responses, 25 Sexism, 3940 Sexual attractions, 58 Sexual orientation, 41 Silence, 89 Social learning theory, 11, 66 Social support networks, 3839 Solution-focused therapy (SFT), 7274 Stereotypes, 40 Storytelling, 7577 Strengths of client, 38 Stress, 7 Suicidal clients, 3538 Summarizing, 27 Supervision, 60 Systems approach, 43 Technical eclectism, 74 Termination planning, 1415 Testing, 6061 Textbooks, 64 Theoretical integration, 74 Timing, 6 Tissues, 16 Transference, 58, 67 Trauma counseling, 4345 Treatment manuals, 78 U Uniformity myth, 35 W Web counseling, 5455 Websites, 5355 Working alliances, 23 Writing therapy, 45, 7577 93. Helping people in crisis: A practical family-oriented approach to effective crisis intervention. Solutionoriented brief therapy for adjustment disorders: A guide for providers under managed care. (1982). A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empirically, All Must Have Prizes. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 203215. Gentleness is the capacity to be kind and considerate even when clients are abrupt, afraid, and defensive. New York: Wiley. How might ones religious beliefs help or hinder effective counseling? By using the boxing metaphor, the counselor could ascertain the clients perception of progress in counseling. Current findings regarding the effectiveness of counseling: Implications for practice. Three faces of being: Toward an existential clinical psychology. A FEW MISTAKEN ASSUMPTIONS 33 28 DO NOT ASSUME THAT YOU KNOW HOW CLIENTS REACT TO THEIR FEELINGS, THOUGHTS, AND BEHAVIORS Clients differ in their perceptions and reactions to the events in their lives and even to their psychological states. Counselors then determine lethality that is, how likely these clients are to attempt suicide. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. What should you write in your notes? ), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2002). ), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. Frank, J. COUNSELOR: When will we know counseling is complete? Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 100103. Approaches to counseling and psychotherapy traditionally have focused on one of three intrapsychic domains: affect, cognition, and behavior. (1998). With this client, the counselor has the choice of following the other persons feelings (What makes your mother think you should be a social worker?) or of following the clients feelings (How do you feel about your mothers belief?). Counselors can help clients learn this skill through a variety of methods, including grounding feelings in the body and focusing on 28 CHAPTER 2 nonverbal expressions of affect. ), Psychological interventions: A guide to strategies (pp. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS The second phase of counseling involves helping clients to deepen their understanding of relevant problems. PDF Counselling - Minia Gladding, S. (2002). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. New York: Haworth. COUNSELOR: How do you feel as we talk about it now? (2002). 59 NEW AND EMERGING APPROACHES New and emerging approaches are counseling and psychotherapy interventions that propose innovative methods of thinking about and working with clients. Consequently, therapists should exercise caution during client silences so as not to prematurely interrupt this useful processing. In W. Dugan (Ed. COUNSELOR: What makes you say that? Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. (1986). In terms of the military cultures possible impact on the counseling process, Hall (2008) noted that a stigma often exists against seeking help from civilian counselors. Stricker, G., & Gold, J. R. (1993). Counselors help these clients by asking about specific events. ), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. How might participating in counseling yourself benefit your work as a counselor? For elaboration of these and other advantages of groups, see Corey (1995); Fuhriman and Burlingame (1994); Schneider Corey and Corey (2005); and Yalom and Leszcz (2005). (1990). A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INTERVENTION 79 That is, relatively few counselors pay attention to research beyond their training years, partially because research results often appear to add little to current practice. CLIENT: I want to do better in school. Shapiro, D. (1999). (2005). Some clients may prefer that there be no physical objects between you, whereas others may feel safer with a barrier (such as a desk or small table). Linguistic issues in interviewing. The match between client and approach, however, is often unclear, and in these instances, the weakness of eclecticism is exposed. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Thus, Budman maintains that brief therapies emphasize efficiency, outcomes, and benefits of provided services. Apart from the initial interview, it is largely the clients job to talk, not the counselors. Hall, L. K. (2008). . COUNSELOR: It sounds as if you felt very stressed and then started to drink again. In any event, clients should not be wondering about the whereabouts of their counselors 10 minutes after the scheduled start. Learning Objectives After completing this section the learner will be able to: zz understand the significance and scope of guidance and counselling zz explain the basic concepts in guidance and counselling zz have basic understanding and knowledge required for guidance and counselling as a profession. Herlihy, B., & Corey, G. Beutler, L. E., & Harwood, T. M. (2000). Career counselling, conducted on a one-to-one basis or in small groups, in F. CAN YOU BE FLEXIBLE, ACCEPTING, AND GENTLE? Stages and processes of self-change in smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. New York: Wiley. Client-centered therapy. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ Cole. Pope, K. (1988). D. AVOID INTERRUPTIONS AND DISTRACTIONS Dont accept phone calls; dont read the mail; dont finish your lunch. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Thus, the SFT therapist will ask What would you like to change? rather than inquire in depth about past problems and history (OConnell, 2005). Social learning and cognition. ), Coping and substance abuse (pp. 76 CHAPTER 6 Anderson (2004) notes that more emotion is typically present in the beginning of storytelling, with meaning making occurring later in the process. Rescuers are persons who do the problem solving and helping in their social groups. On the other hand, persons dealing with the identified client may be quite anxious and uncertain. For example, if a client appears at your office with a simple phobia, you could employ systematic desensitization with a strong expectation for success (Wolpe, 1990). . Levitt and Rennie provided an example of a cognitive therapist who asked a depressed client what her friends might tell her to raise her self-esteem. You will quickly build confidence and knowledge. Psychiatry, 47, 6676. (2002). Shes not spending any time with me or the kids. Building Counselling Relationships: Introduction The most important element in a counselling relationship, whether a single session or long-term counselling, is the quality of the relationship between the counsellor and the client. Part of the counselors job is to become skilled in at least a few modalities and with at least a few client populations. Experiential group research: Can the canon fire? COUNSELOR: So your father lost his temper again, and as usual, you got a stomachache when you started to feel anxious about your dads yelling. Psychologically sophisticated clients progress more quickly because of their greater familiarity with the counseling process. This modelthat advice translates into problem resolutionis typically an inaccurate depiction of the needed counseling process. Miller, G., & deShazer, S. (1998). Clients frequently report that they seek counseling to change painful feelings such as anxiety or depression, and recent research indicates that depression and anxiety show larger changes after counseling than any other domain (Meier & Vermeersch, 2007). Dress appropriately 15 b. Consumer Reports, 60, 734739. Highland, NY: Gestalt Journal Press. In the following example, the counselor helps the client gain insight into her current feelings of anxiety by summarizing a theme (the clients mother protected her from taking risks throughout childhood) that had appeared several times previously. Northvale, NJ: Aronson. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. COUNSELOR: You want a 3.0. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. They usually get up and get dressed for school without any trouble. (2007). CLIENT: Yes . National Career Development Association ethical standards. . Participants memories for therapeutic events and ratings of session effectiveness. New York: Wiley. Feminist and nonsexist psychotherapy. CLIENT: I feel . IMPORTANT TOPICS 37 Beginning counselors should learn how to assess for lethality and know what local procedures are employed with suicidal clients. CLIENT: I was really upset when she said she didnt like me. The mental health interview. Psychodynamic counselors, for example, view resistance as an attempt to keep anxiety-provoking material from awareness. In addition to beginners, we also hope that advanced students and practicing therapists find these ideas to be useful reminders. Families and family therapy. People thought I was odd because I didnt want to be a secretary. Factors in marital adjustment and their interrelationships: A comparison of Taiwanese couples in America and Caucasian American couples. 463473). Watkins, C. E., & Schneider, L. J. To help you understand and apply the information in this chapter, consider these questions: Which emotions in others are you most comfortable with? SETTING THE STAGE 13 Although this client can label the intensity and direction of the feeling, descriptions such as bad/good provide very little detail. B., Hayes, S. C., & Walser, R. D. (2007). . 53 FAMILY/SYSTEMS COUNSELING Family and systems approaches are relatively new approaches to counseling. Plasticity and power: Emerging emphases in theories of human change. As a counselor, will you again rescue? Participants are instructed to Write about your deepest thoughts and feelings about a trauma over a period of three to five days for 15 to 30 minutes a day (Pennebaker et al., 2003); in essence, participants must create a written narrative of a traumatic incident. Greenberg (2008) stated the central idea: Whereas thinking usually changes thoughts, feeling usually changes emotion (p. 53). The therapeutic relationship: Foundations for an eclectic psychotherapy. Journal of Traumatic StressSpecial Research on Traumatic Memory, 8, 675690. This book could be read in sections or in sequence, as with a textbook. Creative process in Gestalt therapy. COUNSELOR: So youre not here because you want to be. But considerable evidence exists to suggest that some clients, particularly those with severe problems, deteriorate in counseling (Lambert & Bergin, 1994; Mohr, 1995). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Northvale, NJ: Aronson. How might a clients age affect the counseling process? Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 25, 111119. COUNSELOR: Maybe you could use that toughness in some other ways. Psychotherapy in a new key: A guide to time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. Termination should be planned, not abrupt; your comfort with termination will influence this process. Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed.). We prefer to sit facing clients, although some counselors have suggested that sitting at an angle increases client comfort. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS This chapter makes clear that different methods of counseling exist. New counseling approaches are continually being introduced; many disappear after a few years, but for a few others, professionals maintain or increase their interest. Social learning counselors see resistance as stemming from fear of the consequences of changed behavior (Hansen, Rossberg, & Cramer, 1994). Like gender issues, racial and ethnic issues have been relatively neglected in counseling and psychology until recently (Carter, 1991; Helms & Cook, 1999; S. Sue, Zane, & Young, 1994). Patterns of brief family therapy. Counselors particularly should avoid sequences of closed questions when they are facilitating client selfexploration. Claiborn, C., & Hanson, W. (1999). Videotaping and audiotaping sessions can help you discover any idiosyncratic nonverbal expressions that interfere with the counseling process. (1997). Hall (2008), for example, talked about counseling a group of high school students who had seen a classmate killed in a freak accident; these students had increased absences, lost interest in school work, and evidenced negative changes in behavior and attitudes. Current concepts of transference. . Multicultural counseling: From diversity to universality. (2005). Unpublished manuscript, University at Buffalo. Intentional interviewing and counseling (4th ed.). The best therapists, SETTING THE STAGE 9 like good referees in sporting events, work in the background. (1991). For example, beginning counselors sometimes experience difficulty being congruent in their communication (Shertzer & Stone, 1980). Similarly, the problems clients are facing are unlikely to be their last, and a solution selected by the counselor will not help clients learn how to handle future difficulties. COUNSELOR: Youre holding your stomach as you talk about the emptiness. New York: Wiley. Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J., & Fisch, R. (1974). Counselors such as Ellis view irrational beliefs (that is, beliefs without empirical evidence) as the target for interventions, whereas Beck describes how selective attention, magnifying problems, and illogical reasoning can lead to depression. CLIENT: My children always disobey me. COUNSELOR: What could you do to test that belief? What were those issues? (Eds.). If helpful, provide a written reminder, such as an appointment card and a rescheduling method at the end of each session. Always consult if you have any doubt. However, theory, research, and practice in counseling often appear fragmented and contradictory. The Veterans Administration, for example, has estimated that 10 percent to 30 percent of the hundreds of thousands of returning military have posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) and will seek mental health care (Hall, 2008). This protection could include warning the potential victim or notifying the police (Slovenko, 1988). 14 AVOID ADVICE Friends and family members give advice; counselors generally dont, particularly in the initial stages of relationship building (compare to Sexton et al., 1997). Jacobs, D. G. CLIENT: Just this quarter. Duration and outcome in psychotherapy: An integrative review. Selfinvolving responses in particular may help clients become aware of their feelings and speak more about themselves. Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., & Rim, B. Manuel and I are from the commu- nity mental health center and wed like to listen to whats bothering you . CLIENT: I dont want to be just emotionally independent of my familyI want to have my own apartment too. Perceptions of a sex-fair counselor and her client. Particularly from an administrative view, groups are very efficient. Health care expenses have stopped their rapid growth, at least temporarily. Counselors have increasingly turned their attention to solution-focused therapy (SFT), a type of BT that turns traditional assumptions on their head in a way that many counselors find useful. Overall, remember that it is important to say good-bye, consolidate the counseling experience, discover what counseling meant to the client, and discuss future situations. Clinical PsychologyScience and Practice, 5, 363375. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 7, 126143. Through experience and watching the individual reactions of clients, counselors develop a sense for when they should direct or lead the counseling process. They include three main elements: Career information, covering information on courses, occupations and career paths. References Frankl, V. (2000). Helms, J., & Cook, D. (1999). But youve been sitting on your bed for two days and we cant leave until we can find a way to help you. Issues of counselors duty to warn, dual relationships, confidentiality and privacy, client rights, and personal relationships with clients are subjects with considerable potential for ambiguity and risk (Kenyon, 1998; Pope & Vasquez, 1998; Welfel, 2005). CLIENT: He was surprised. Landman, J., & Dawes, R. (1982). Helping students apply the scientist-practitioner model: A teaching approach. Clients sometimes create additional problems by how they perceive the original difficulty.
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