peer influence on gender identity

Gender Typicality, Pressure to Conform to Gender Norms, and Anti-Fat Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Biological factors that may influence gender identity include pre- and post-natal hormone levels and genetic makeup. Peers play an important role in the socialization of gendered behavior, but no studies to-date have assessed peer influences on GI. For instance, non-parametric tests or Bayesian analyses could be utilized that are more appropriate for small sample sizes (Hoyle, 1999; van de Schoot & Mioevi, 2020). This approach may be appropriate for younger populations as well: a measure of similarity to boys and girls has demonstrated validity and utility for capturing a nuanced understanding of gender identity in a sample of children ages five to ten (Martin et al., 2017). Theoretically, the presence and popularity of gender vanguards and gender troublemakers should both be a threat to and fundamentally change the ways that gender roles are understood, socialized, and accepted (Rudman & Glick, 2008; Morgenroth & Ryan, 2020). Heres a crash course thread on writing gender questions from a trans person who has designed surveys before, Developmental changes in gender composition of friendship networks in adolescent girls and boys. The present review discusses the relationship of sexual identity and sexual orientati Horm Behav. and transmitted securely. The site is secure. These models rely much less strongly on psychosocial differences among individuals with distinct gender identities to define the gender identities themselves, instead relying on the ways that gender diverse individuals explore, affirm, and make meaning of their own gendered experiences. For example, several activist organizations like Gender Spectrum (https://genderspectrum.org/), It Gets Better (https://itgetsbetter.org), and the Transgender Law Center (https://transgenderlawcenter.org) have platforms to share youth-submitted stories about their trans and non-binary gender identity experiences with coming out and social relationships. Kuper LE, Wright L, & Mustanski B (2018). Physiological, emotional, and behavioral correlates of gender segregation. This seems to practically be the case as well: one example is Jonathan Van Ness, the grooming expert from the television series Queer Eye, who came out as non-binary in 2019. Using specific identity labels and terms, though sometimes ambiguous, can be particularly affirming and inclusive for participants, and can further allow scholars to explore and understand the nuances of each identity label. Gender identity development among transgender and gender nonconforming emerging adults: An intersectional approach. Pioneering theorists and researchers marshalled evidence that in early and middle childhood, children interact primarily within their same gender groups such that they grow up in separate worlds and socialize each other in distinct ways before coming together for romantic encounters in early adolescence, as outlined in Maccobys (1998) seminal volume titled The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. McGuire JK, Berg D, Catalpa JM, Morrow QJ, Fish JN, Nic Rider G, & Spencer K (2020). It could also be helpful to give participants autonomy in their gender self-categorization and phrase gender identity questions transparently with respect to the research question or process. Preliminary evidence suggests that gender-diverse individuals are finding increased support via online platforms (Craig et al., 2015; Lucero, 2017; Ybarra et al., 2015). Similarly, the Perth Gender Picture (PGP) was developed specifically for adolescents to report their gender identity and experience (Moore et al., 2020). These were some of the most prominent provided responses when participants selected different identity and have been suggested directly by gender diverse participants in qualitative research (Puckett et al., 2020; Suen et al., 2020). Young people are challenging traditional binary conceptions of gender identity, Conceptualization and measurement in peer relations should reflect youths gender flexibility, Gender is best measured using multifaceted, intersectionally-informed items, Peer influence can be harnessed to promote acceptance of diverse gender identities, Parents and teachers can also support positive peer gender socialization, gender identity, gender diversity, peer relations, measurement, children, adolescents. Other suggestions for researchers focus on simply using more inclusive language that reflects the terms that youth actually use to refer to gender (Garrett-Walker & Montagno, 2021; Lenning, 2009; Puckett et al., 2020; Suen et al., 2020; van Anders, 2015). The presence and engagement of young people in gender diverse activism spaces suggests that gender diversity (e.g., non-binary identities and expressions) matters greatly to contemporary youth. These identities are numerous, overlapping, and flexible, which can be difficult to identify and quantify in systematic research. Ruble DN, Martin CL, & Berenbaum SA (2007). These dimensions are most often in harmony with each other and with an individual's genital sex, although not always. 2022 Nov 14;19(22):14971. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192214971. Those investigators with more progressive IRBs who are able to implement these practices could build in additional items to assess whether asking questions to assess a broader range of gender identities cause any confusion or distress (for example, How much did it bother you that you were asked about both whether you identify with the transgender experience and how you describe your gender? or How much did it bother you to see definitions of different types of gender identities?, thus generating a literature that could be referenced showing that young people may not be perturbed by these questions. Arch Sex Behav. The general principle seems to be that early exposure to higher levels of androgens (male hormones, notably testosterone), during the critical period, lead to development of male sexual characteristics. Much of what we know about gender identity and gender schemas and stereotypes suggests that it may be difficult to help youth and all of us move beyond insistence on the gender dichotomy as of thinking about gender identity. Unfortunately, many youth experience homophobic name calling, a form of peer victimization, and it is unknown whether youth internalize. Over time, gender has been recognized as more flexible than being biologically determined and following certain stages (Perry et al., 2019; Tate et al., 2014), though traditional or mainstream conceptualizations of gender tend to still focus on binary and stable differences between boys and girls. As noted above, there is every reason to believe that young people are flexible in how they think about gender identity and open to diverse possibilities. For example, will a given peer process (e.g., friendship development) look similarly for someone who identifies as non-binary femme and someone who identifies as agender? Though terminology to refer to gender identities is constantly evolving and may not have wholly shared definitions, researchers can engage community stakeholders and consult with gender diverse communities to incorporate and define various gender identity labels (Deutsch, 2016; Garrett-Walker & Montagno, 2021; Puckett et al., 2020; Suen et al., 2020). (this issue) will address how sexual minority youth are treated by peer groups; what we would like to convey here is how peer relations research might illuminate new ways in which parents, teachers, and peer groups could, or more likely already are, supporting youth with diverse gender identities. In a study about sexting and social comparison, four college students (0.5% of the sample) identified outside the binary; in another study about online social comparison, eight college students (0.8%) identified outside of man or woman; a study about Instagram browsing contained two non-binary individuals (0.4%); and three students (0.4%) identified as transgender or non-binary in a study about narcissism and social media. Further, as young people are demonstrating their own diverse gender identities, news outlets are increasingly promoting their stories. Even modern peer relations research on gender identity and gender typicality treats gender as an identity that is achieved within the male-female binary and barely mentions the possibility that a young person may identify as a different gender than the traditional two categories. Pressure 5%. Each agent reinforces gender roles by . Studies focusing on a number of psychosocial and biological factors separately, indicate that each of these factors influence gender identity formation, but little is known about the complex interplay between the factors, nor about the way individuals themselves contribute to the process. It is also a topic that early childhood teachers are not always sure how best to address. Lest you think that what we are proposing here is social engineering, we challenge you to appreciate that social engineering has been going on for centuries to support the power of gender schemas; for example, always referring to young students as boys and girls, having different styles of name tags for boys and girls, completely different styles of clothing for girls and separate toy aisles (Bigler, 1995; Fabes et al., 2019). 52, No. These schemas and stereotypes have been understood to inform how youth make sense of gender expression and underlying identity; however, they oversimplify the complexity of gender beyond just male and female. In, The Gender Identity Scale: Adapting the Gender Unicorn to measure gender identity, Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research. Motivation 3%. In the item assessing gender identity, include specific response options for non-binary, genderqueer, genderfluid, and agender identities. Conventional and metaphorical elements of gender schemas often go together; however, the metaphorical associations to the gender schemes are so powerful that they may override conventional associations, especially for young children (Leinbach et al., 1997). We close by exploring the ways in which the power of peer socialization can be (and likely currently are being) harnessed to support the ever-changing, diverse gender identities emergent in todays youth, and provide questions for future research. Early Adolescent Gender Development: The Differential Effects of Felt Pressure from Parents, Peers, and the Self. . Transactional pathways of transgender identity development in transgender and gender-nonconforming youth and caregiver perspectives from the Trans Youth Family Study. It will take careful consideration and reiteration to be able to incorporate most or all the above recommendations into peer relations research. However, these identities began to emerge in our university samples. . For instance, Zoey Luna, a 17-year-old, shared her fight for restroom equity in California; Corey Maison, an 18-year-old, was featured in Katie Courics Gender Revolution and continues to share her journey as transgender on Instagram. For example, gender vanguards and gender troublemakers are individuals who adopt and present non-conforming gender-typed appearance and/or behavior. May 11, 2022 Dear Your Teen, I'm worried about the influence that peers and friends who are questioning gender identity or who have identified as LGBTQ+ will have on our 14-year-old 8th grade daughter. Subrahmanyam K, Smahel D, & Greenfield P (2006). The appropriateness and utility of these terms warrants further investigation in large representative samples of youth. Further, this example shows the increasing number of emerging adults that identify outside the binary. Using inclusive measurements is not just helpful for research focused on gender-diverse populations. Suen LW, Lunn MR, Katuzny K, Finn S, Duncan L, Sevelius J, & Obedin-Maliver J (2020). Gender Typicality, Felt Pressure for Gender Conformity, Racial Social Influences on Gender Development: Theory and Context
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