what were the teachings of the saints of maharashtra

In tantric traditions of Vaishnavism, during the initiation (diksha) given by a guru under whom they are trained to understand Vaishnava practices, the initiates accept Vishnu as supreme. [39], This complex history is reflected in the two main historical denominations of Vishnavism. According to Welbon, "Pcartra cosmological and ritual theory and practice combine with the unique vernacular devotional poetry of the Alvars, and Ramanuja, founder of the Sri Vaishnava tradition, propagated Pcartra ideas. The devotional writings of Alvars, composed during the early medieval period of Tamil history, are key texts in the bhakti movement. Most devotee ruler and propagandist of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, under the influence of Natottama Thakura's disciples, was raja Bhagyachandra, who has visited the holy for the Chaytanyaits Nabadwip. These individuals were responsible for systematising Gaudiya Vaishnava theology. Oxford University Press, Nagaswamy 23 (4): 443 -- Indian Economic & Social History Review", "Les Vaikuha gupta de Mathura: Viu ou Ka? [341] Large Vaishnava communities exist throughout India, and particularly in Western Indian states, such as western Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat and Southwestern Uttar Pradesh . The vamsa descending from Nityananda through his son Virabhadra forms the most prominent branch of the modern Gaudiya tradition, though descendants of Advaita, along with the descendants of many other associates of Chaitanya, maintain their following especially in the rural areas of Bengal. [215], Vaishnavas mark their foreheads with tilaka made up of Chandana, either as a daily ritual, or on special occasions. [224], The Vaishnavism traditions may be grouped within four sampradayas, each exemplified by a specific Vedic personality. Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism (a.k.a. Some attribute to him a Renaissance in Bengal,[61] different from the more well-known 19th-century Bengal Renaissance. [232][248] Modern Vaikhanasas reject elements of the Pcartra and Sri Vaishnava tradition, but the historical relationship with the orthodox Vaikhanasa in south India is unclear. Los Angeles, CA: Krishna Institute. A Bhakta or a devotee should surrender himself completely to the will of God. [263] It incorporated two different traditions, namely the tantric Pancaratra tradition, and the Puranic Vishnu worship of northern India with their abstract Vedantic theology, and the southern bhakti tradition of the Alvars of Tamil Nadu with their personal devotion. [4] He was a Sant of Varkari sampradaya (Marathi-Vaishnav tradition) - that venerates the God Vitthal - in Maharashtra, India. Several schools (sampradaya) have been practising it for hundreds of years. [158][165] The other important Pancaratra texts include the Lakshmi Tantra and Ahirbudhnya Samhita. Pure devotion is the only way to attain liberation. Universal Teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba | Sri Sathya Sai Saints of Maharashtra - Hinduism Facts [note 11] Klaus Klostermaier and other scholars estimate Vaishnavism to be the largest Hindu denomination. ", "Caitanya Vais.n. [190][191][192] While an avatar of Vishnu is the main focus of the Puranas of Vaishnavism, these texts also include chapters that revere Shiva, Shakti (goddess power), Brahma and a pantheon of Hindu deities. 9. [228] Krishna sampradayas continued to be founded late into late medieval and during the Mughal Empire era, such as the Radha Vallabh Sampradaya, Haridasa, Gaudiya and others. The belief in the supremacy of Vishnu is based upon the many avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu listed in the Puranic texts, which differs from other Hindu deities such as Ganesha, Surya or Durga. So in Sadh Vaishnavism Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Karma Yoga are equally important in order to attain liberation. [122][123] The earliest among these were likely composed in 1st millennium BCE, while the last ones in the late medieval era. to be same as their Puranic counterparts, Sri Vaishnavas consider these to be different names/roles/forms of Narayana, claiming that the entire Veda is dedicated for Vishnu-worship alone. [53] Their poems show a pronounced orientation to the Vaishnava, and often Krishna, side of Mal. In the 21st century, Vaishnava bhakti is now also being studied through the academic medium of Krishnology in a number of academic institutions. [124][125][126], All of the Vaishnava Upanishads either directly reference and quote from the ancient Principal Upanishads or incorporate some ideas found in them; most cited texts include the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Chandogya Upanishad, Katha Upanishad, Isha Upanishad, Mundaka Upanishad, Taittiriya Upanishad and others. That is why charity is the highest. [42] There also exists secular literature that ascribes the commencement of the tradition in the south to the 3rd century CE. Although His complexion is not blackish, He is Ka Himself. From the source of Vrindavana Dasa's Chaitanya Bhagavata, he bathed at Ambulinga Ghat of Chhatrabhog with intimate companions with great chorus-chanting (kirtan). [9], Chaitanya means "one who is conscious" (derived from Chetana, which means "Consciousness"); Maha means "Great" and Prabhu means "Lord" or "Master". They established temple sites such as Srirangam, and spread ideas about Vaishnavism. His son Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura founded sixty-four Gaudiya Matha monasteries in India, Burma and Europe. [295] Philosophically, they are in the Vishishtadvaita (IAST Viidvaita) tradition.[292]. For the Olympic sailor from France, see, Vaishnavism and other Hindu tradition table, Klostermaier: "Present day Krishna worship is an amalgam of various elements. [201] While many schools like Smartism and Advaitism encourage interpretation of scriptures philosophically and metaphorically and not too literally,[203] Chaitanya Vaishnavism stresses the literal meaning (mukhya vitti) as primary and indirect meaning (gaua vitti) as secondary: skhd upadesas tu shrutih - "The instructions of the shruti-shstra should be accepted literally, without fanciful or allegorical interpretations. In many Vaishnava traditions, Krishna is accepted as a teacher, whose teachings are in the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Sampradaya). [242], The Pcartra is the tradition of Narayana-worship. Radha Krishna is the combination of both the feminine as well as the masculine aspects of God. [244] It was supported by the Guptas, suggesting a widespread appeal, in contrast to specific sects. [287] There, after a short period of Ramaism penetration, Gaudiya Vaishnavism spread in the early 18th century, especially from beginning its second quarter. Through such festivals, members of the loosely organised tradition became acquainted with other branches along with their respective theological and practical nuances. [343] Substantial presence also exists in Tripura and Punjab. Raja Gharib Nawaz (Pamheiba) was initiated into the Chaitanya tradition. According to accounts from his life, Sai Baba preached the importance of "realisation of the self" and criticised "love towards perishable things". [56] His followers later formed several organizations, including now defunct the Order of Living Service and the AUM Temple of Universal Truth. My hope is that this saint will become as much a part of the class as any of the students. [4][96], Krishnaism is often also called Bhagavatismperhaps the earliest Krishnite movement was Bhagavatism with Krishna-Vasudeva (about 2nd century BCE)[40]after the Bhagavata Purana which asserts that Krishna is "Bhagavan Himself," and subordinates to itself all other forms: Vishnu, Narayana, Purusha, Ishvara, Hari, Vasudeva, Janardana etc. [19] It was during these years that Chaitanya is believed by his followers to have sunk deep into various Divine-Love trances (samdhi) and performed pastimes of divine ecstasy (bhakti). The temples that the Alvars visited or founded are now known as Divya Desams. John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press. Adopting a Guru Namdev's maid-servant Janabai Introduction Namdev of Maharashtra was a saint of mediaeval India. The endless list of most respected B [51], Devotion to the southern Indian Mal (Perumal) may be an early form of Krishnaism, since Mal appears as a divine figure, largely like Krishna with some elements of Vishnu. [8], According to Klostermaier, Vaishnavism originates in the latest centuries BCE and the early centuries CE, with the cult of the heroic Vsudeva, a leading member of the Vrishni heroes, which was then amalgamated with Krishna, hero of the Yadavas, and still several centuries later with the "divine child" Bala Krishna of the Gopala traditions. [58] The newly arising regional powers in central and northern India, such as the Aulikaras, the Maukharis, the Maitrakas, the Kalacuris or the Vardhanas preferred adopting Saivism instead, giving a strong impetus to the development of the worship of Shiva, and its ideology of power. But they do not make the distinction between Krishna and Vishnu on the basis of the concept of the avatars. Learn about the Bhakti movement in India here. His disciples were known as Kalachandi Sampraday, who inspired the people to eradicate illiteracy and casteism. Help eRase bullying starting now. [311], The Pranami Sampradaya (Pranami Panth) emerged in the 17th century in Gujarat, based on the Radha-Krishna-focussed syncretic Hindu-Islamic teachings of Devchandra Maharaj and his famous successor, Mahamati Prannath. His other works are Amratanubhava and Changadeva- Prasasti. The main teachings of the leaders were Bhakti and equality of all before God without any distinction of class or birth. Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin. [97], Krishna is often described as having the appearance of a dark-skinned person and is depicted as a young cowherd boy playing a flute or as a youthful prince giving philosophical direction and guidance, as in the Bhagavad Gita. "[35] According to Dalal, "The term Bhagavata seems to have developed from the concept of the Vedic deity Bhaga, and initially it seems to have been a monotheistic sect, independent of the Brahmanical pantheon. They believed that the path to salvation lies in meditation. 12. When people begin their quest for God, they are often unsure of their path because of the existence of many religions and their various practices. [211][212], Vaishnava bhakti practices involve loving devotion to a Vishnu avatar (often Krishna), an emotional connection, a longing and continuous feeling of presence. [2][3] Its followers are called Vaishnavites or Vaishnavas (IAST: Vaiava), and it includes sub-sects like Krishnaism and Ramaism, which consider Krishna and Rama as the supreme beings respectively. Eknath. Maharaj . Bhakti movement preached against the caste system using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. These names have extensive literature associated with them, each has its own characteristics, legends and associated arts. Their poems, compiled as Divya Prabhandham, developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas [171], The Mahabharata is centered around Krishna, presents him as the avatar of transcendental supreme being. The Manipuri Vaishnavism is a regional variant of Gaudiya Vaishnavism with a culture-forming role among the Meitei people in the north-eastern Indian state of Manipur. It enjoined the worship of no other deities except Narayana of the Upanishads, who was deemed the primal cause of srsti (creation), sthiti (existence) and pralaya (destruction). After staying one night he set for Puri by boat with the help of Local Administrator Ram Chandra Khan. The Varkaris, worshippers of Lord Vishnu, live by the understanding that . [12][8] It was integrated with the Vedic God Vishnu in the early centuries CE, and finalized as Vaishnavism,[8][13][14] when it developed the avatar doctrine, wherein the various non-Vedic deities are revered as distinct incarnations of the supreme God Vishnu. [273] Compared to other Vaishnava schools which emphasize only on Bhakti, Sadh Vaishnavism regards Jnana, Bhakti and Vairagya as necessary steps for moksha. Jagannathism)the particular cult of the god Jagannath (lit. [296] Rmnand ascetics rely upon meditation and strict ascetic practices, but also believe that the grace of god is required for them to achieve liberation. Women Saints Of Maharashtra And Their Impact On Society And Hindu It sees the many forms of Vishnu or Krishna as expansions or incarnations of the one Supreme God. Vaishnavism has its own academic wing in University of Madras - Department of Vaishnavism. Evidence such as the Krishna-varnam verse SB 11.5.32 have many interpretations by scholars, including Sridhara Svami who is accepted as an authority by Mahaprabhu himself. [55][56] He belonged to the circle of guru Prabhu Jagadbandhu[57] with teachings similar to the later ISKCON mission. [147][149], The Bhagavad Gita is a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, and presents Bhakti, Jnana and Karma yoga as alternate ways to spiritual liberation, with the choice left to the individual. They have been associated with a specific founder, providing the following scheme: Sri Sampradaya (Ramanuja), Brahma Sampradaya (Madhvacharya),[225] Rudra Sampradaya (Vishnuswami, Vallabhacharya),[226] Kumaras Sampradaya (Nimbarka). Their poems in praise of Vishnu and Krishna in Tamil language are collectively known as Naalayira Divya Prabandha (4000 divine verses). QnA , Notes & Videos [25][166] Scholars place the start of this genre of texts to about the 7th or 8th century CE, and later. [10] The character of Gopala Krishna is often considered to be non-Vedic. (The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna). [275] Madhvism regards Vayu as Vishnu's agent in this world, and Hanuman, Bhima, and Madhvacharya to be his three incarnations; for this reason, the roles of Hanuman in the Ramayana and Bhima in the Mahabharata are emphasised, and Madhvacharya is particularly held in high esteem. In Vaishnava theology, such as is presented in the Bhagavata Purana and the Pancaratra, whenever the cosmos is in crisis, typically because the evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance, an avatar of Vishnu appears in a material form, to destroy evil and its sources, and restore the cosmic balance between the everpresent forces of good and evil. [158], The Pancaratra Samhitas are tantric in emphasis, and at the foundation of tantric Vaishnava traditions such as the Sri Vaishnava tradition. [48], Narottama Dasa, Srinivasa Acharya and Shyamananda Mandal were among the stalwarts of the second generation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. The Chaitanya school believes that the name and identity of Radha are both revealed and concealed in the verse describing this incident in Bhagavata Purana. [1] He is widely regarded as the . He is accompanied by His associates, servants, weapons and confidential companions. Salimullah Khan (b. They worked on spirituality and the concept of oneness to God. Those people helped saints to spread their teaching. [86] The Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of Chaitanya, states Schweig, is closer to a polymorphic bi-monotheism because both goddess Radha and god Krishna are simultaneously supreme. [note 2] According to Klostermaier, "In some books Krishna is presented as the founder and first teacher of the Bhagavata religion. Namdev was an Amsa (part) of Lord Krishna. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Prachin Mayapur, Nabadwip. [113] Other important texts in the tradition include the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, as well as texts by various sampradayas (denominations within Vaishnavism). In fact, Madhvacharya in his Tantra Sara Sangraha clearly explained how to worship all devatas. Some of the saints were saint tukaram, saint bahinabai, saint dyaneshwar and many more. Rama, Krishna, Narayana, Kalki, Hari, Vithoba, Venkateshvara, Shrinathji, and Jagannath are among the names of popular avatars all seen as different aspects of the same supreme being. [65][66][67], This period saw the growth of Vashnavism Sampradayas (denominations or communities) under the influence of scholars such as Ramanujacharya, Vedanta Desika, Madhvacharya and Vallabhacharya. The Bhagavad Gitainitially, a Krishnaite scripture, according to Friedhelm Hardywas incorporated into the Mahabharata as a key text for Krishnaism. For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil, These saint poets preached their teachings in Marathi which was easy for the common people to understand. [261] It existed along with a larger Purana-based Brahamanical worshippers of Vishnu, and non-Brahmanical groups who worshipped and also adhered by non-Vishnu village deities. [24], The Pcartra Samhitas developed from the 7th or 8th century onward, and belongs to Agamic or Tantras,[246][158] setting them at odds with vedic orthodoxy. [163][164], The three most studied texts of this genre of Vaishnava religious texts are Paushkara Samhita, Sattvata Samhita and Jayakhya Samhita. and for the establishment of righteousness, [155][156], The Pancaratra texts present the Vyuhas theory of avatars to explain how the absolute reality (Brahman) manifests into material form of ever changing reality (Vishnu avatar). [262] According to Sri Vaishnavism theology, moksha can be reached by devotion and service to the Lord and detachment from the world. [214] These help Vaishnavas socialize and form a community identity. [254] The Alvars appeared between the 5th century to the 10th century CE, though the Vaishnava tradition regards the Alvars to have lived between 4200 BCE - 2700 BCE. [249][note 9]. "Vasudeva Krsna in Theology and Architecture: A Background to Srivaisnavism". [38][41], S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar states that the lifetime of the Vaishnava Alvars was during the first half of the 12th century, their works flourishing about the time of the revival of Brahminism and Hinduism in the north, speculating that Vaishnavism might have penetrated to the south as early as about the first century CE. Chaitanya's epistemological, theological and ontological teachings are summarised as ten root principles called dasa mula.[39]. 8. [233], Nimbarka Sampradaya, also called Kumara Sampradaya is one of the four bonafied Vaishnavism tradition. [172] The epic details the story of a war between good and evil, each side represented by two families of cousins with wealth and power, one depicted as driven by virtues and values while other by vice and deception, with Krishna playing pivotal role in the drama. [151] Bhakti, in Bhagavad Gita, is an act of sharing, and a deeply personal awareness of spirituality within and without. Mahanubhava Pantha played essential role in the growth of Marathi literature. See answers Advertisement NainaRamroop Below are the four great saints of Maharashtra who participated in the bhakti movement. You have assumed the golden colour of Srimati Radharani, and You are widely distributing pure love of Krishna. [38] Modern scholarship posit Nimbarkacharya (c.7th century CE) to this period who propounded Radha Krishna worship and his doctrine came to be known as (dvaita-advaita). It worship Krishna with his chief consort, Radha. The Warkari-tradition is geographically associated with the Indian state of Maharashtra. The accompanying philosophies of Advaita and Vishishtadvaita brought the lower classes into the fold of practical Hinduism, and extended to them the right and privilege of knowing God and attaining mukti (salvation). Bhakti Movement - List of Bhakti Movement Saints [Medieval History Of Many saints of this region focused on the Bhakti of Lord Vitthala (form of Lord Vishnu) in the temple at Pandharpur. Chaitanya and Nityananda are shown performing a 'kirtan' in the streets of Nabadwip, Bengal. The Ramanandi Sampradaya, also known as the Ramayats or the Ramavats,[292] is one of the largest and most egalitarian Hindu sects India, around the Ganges Plain, and Nepal today. [46] The Sri Vaishnava sampradaya of Ramanuja would hold sway in the south, the Vadakalai denomination subscribing to Vedanta philosophy and the Tenkalai adhering to regional liturgies known as Prabandham. The writings of Gopala, along with those of his disciple Dhyanacandra Goswami, have had a substantial influence on the methods of internal worship in the tradition. [50] Early writings in Tamils' culture such as Manimekalai and the Cilappatikaram present Krishna, his brother, and favourite female companions in the similar terms. A merger of several popular non-Vedic theistic traditions, particularly the Bhagavata cults of Vsudeva-krishna[8][9] and Gopala-Krishna,[8][10] and Narayana,[11] developed in the 7th to 4th century BCE. According to historical testimonies, Friedhelm Hardy in his "Viraha-bhakti" analyses the history of Krishnaism, specifically all pre-11th-century sources starting with the stories of Krishna and the, Based on a list of gurus found in Baladeva Vidyabhusana's, Stephen Knapp: "Actually there is some confusion about him, as it seems there have been three Vishnu Svamis: Adi Vishnu Svami (around the 3rd century BCE, who introduced the traditional 108 categories of sannyasa), Raja Gopala Vishnu Svami (8th or 9th century CE), and Andhra Vishnu Svami (14th century).". Namdev (Pronunciation: [namde] ), also transliterated as Nam Dayv, Namdeo, Namadeva, (traditionally, c. 26 October 1270 - c. 3 July 1350) was a Marathi Vaishnav saint from Narsi, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India within the Varkari tradition of Hinduism. In addition to these, there are other Sanskrit biographies composed by his contemporaries. This theory of avatar formation syncretically integrates the theories of evolution of matter and life developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. [48] The early Alvars speak of glorifying Vishnu bhakti (devotion to Vishnu), but at the same time, they do regard Shiva bhakti (devotion to Shiva) with considerable sympathy, and make a visible effort to keep the Shaivas in countenance. [256], Gavin Flood mentions five most important contemporary Vaishnava orders. [170] Rama's wife Sita, his brother Lakshman, with his devotee and follower Hanuman all play key roles within the Vaishnava tradition as examples of Vaishnava etiquette and behaviour. Many people were influenced by the saints like artisians, peasants etc. 1. The Alvars, "those immersed in god," were twelve[208] Tamil poet-saints of South India who espoused bhakti (devotion) to the Hindu god Vishnu or his avatar Krishna in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service. [44] Despite having been initiated in the Madhvacharya tradition and taking sannyasa from Shankara's tradition, Chaitanya's philosophy is sometimes regarded as a tradition of his own within the Vaishnava framework having some marked differences with the practices and the theology of other followers of Madhvacharya. [citation needed], After leaving Bengal and receiving entrance into the sannyasa order by Swami Kesava Bharati,[17] Chaitanya journeyed throughout the length and breadth of India for several years, chanting the divine names of Krishna constantly. [213] All aspects of life and living is not only a divine order but divinity itself in Vaishnava bhakti. Damaji Pant. [37][4], Finally, the Narayana worshippers were also included, which further brahmanized Vaishnavism. The essence of Vrindavan was lost over time until the 16th century, when it was rediscovered by Chaitanya. This openness received a boost from Bhaktivinoda Thakura's broad-minded vision in the late 19th century and was institutionalised by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in his Gaudiya Matha in the 20th century. [87], Vaishnavism precepts include the avatar (incarnation) doctrine, wherein Vishnu incarnates numerous times, in different forms, to set things right and bring back the balance in the universe. The eight verses created by Chaitanya are considered to contain the complete philosophy of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in condensed form. [308] Satras are institutional centers associated with the Ekasarana dharma. "[201][204], The Bhakti movement originated among Vaishnavas of South India during the 7th-century CE,[205] spread northwards from Tamil Nadu through Karnataka and Maharashtra towards the end of 13th-century,[206] and gained wide acceptance by the fifteenth-century throughout India during an era of political uncertainty and Hindu-Islam conflicts. Bhakti movement in Hinduism refers to ideas and engagement that emerged in the medieval era on love and devotion to religious concepts built around one or more gods and goddesses. To its bhakti ideas, these texts show a synthesis of Samkhya, Yoga and Advaita Vedanta ideas. Gems such as the Dnyaneshwari by Dnyaneshwar Mauli, Eknathi Bhagwat by Sant Eknath Maharaj, Das Bodh and Manache Shlok by Samarth Ramdas Swami and the countless bhajans and ovees . What were the teachings of saints of maharashtra? [187] Some were revised into Vaishnava treatises, such as the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, which originated as a Puranic text dedicated to the Surya (Sun god). Along with another young poet-saint, Namdev, he was instrumental in establishing the Varkari tradition, a part of the Bhakti movement, in central India. [227][note 5] These four sampradayas emerged in early centuries of the 2nd millennium CE, by the 14th century, influencing and sanctioning the Bhakti movement.
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