which evidence is consistent with the asteroid impact hypothesis?

In 2007 Richard Firestone and other American scientists presented a new hypothesis: that the cause was a cosmic impact like an asteroid or comet. Terms of Use [61] Research at the Atacama Desert in Chile showed that silicate surface glasses were formed during at least two distinct periods at the end of the Pleistocene, separated by several hundred years. Iridium is a component of cosmic dust that rains down on Earth at a constant rate. The next batches came back with the same date. Which characteristic was NOT advantageous for organisms in the million years after the catastrophic asteroid impact? if (prefsArray[72] == 2) { document.write("")} He inferred that this myth was widespread elsewhere on earth by comparing it with the flood mythology of other peoples. The Impact That Wiped Out the Dinosaurs - Planetary Science Institute How an asteroid ended the age of the dinosaurs shocked quartz in the K-T boundary layer tektites, a type of melted rock spherules, glass-like beads in the K-T boundary layer iridium Advertisement helen787 $("#6Acheck").text("(Correct) "); //This is text for screen readers Disregarding science and evidence is a terrible shift for the highest court in the land, which once safeguarded the health of the public in rulings that upheld state vaccine mandates and safe food . They first appear in a few ancient Egyptian records that characterize them, according to the scholar John Bartlett in his authoritative 1989 work Edom and the Edomites, as bellicose by nature, but also as tent-dwellers, with cattle and other possessions, able to travel to Egypt when necessity arose. They seem to have been herdsmen, farmers and raiders. $("#8B").addClass('text-success font-weight-bold'); a. tektites, a type of melted rock b. plutonium 244 c. shocked quartz in the K-T boundary layer d. iridium e. spherules, glass-like beads in the K-T boundary layer The identification stuck for 30 years, until Beno Rothenberg, whod once been Gluecks assistant and photographer, returned in the 1950s at the head of his own archaeological expedition. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? But when Ben-Yosef got the results back from Oxford they showed something elseand so began the latest revolution in the story of Timna. The hypothesis is named after the father-and-son team of scientists Luis and Walter Alvarez, who first suggested it in 1980. [81] They proposed that "the entire Great Lakes region (and beyond) was subjected to a particle bombardment and a catastrophic nuclear radiation" They argue that this cataclysm generated a shock wave that gouged out the Carolina Bays and reset the radiocarbon clock. And if the archaeologists dating of the sherds was correct, he knew exactly where he was standing: King Solomons Mines. Prof Paul Barrett, a dinosaur researcher at the Museum, explains what is thought to have happened the day the dinosaurs died. if (prefsArray[43] == 2) { document.write("")} The leader of the expedition was Nelson Glueck, an archaeologist from Cincinnati, Ohio, later renowned as a man of both science and religion. The impact could have injected a lot of. ", "Younger Dryas "black mats" and the Rancholabrean termination in North America", "Planetary impacts. The samples, dated by radiocarbon to the beginning of the Younger Dryas, were found to contain a large platinum anomaly, consistent with findings from other sites. Shortly afterwards, and independently, the same was suggested by Dutch paleontologist Jan Smit. In 2021, research by Frederick Reinig et al. Here they found an Egyptian temple, complete with hieroglyphic inscriptions, a text from the Book of the Dead, cat figurines and a carved face of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess, with dark-rimmed eyes and a mysterious half-smile. Even at its height, Timna was never more than a remote and marginal outpost. Far from any city, ancient or modern, Timna is illuminating the time of the Hebrew Bibleand showing just how much can be found in a place that seems, at first glance, like nowhere. if (prefsArray[56] == 1 || prefsArray[57] == 1 || prefsArray[58] == 1 || prefsArray[59] == 1 ) { if (prefsArray[48] != 0) { document.write(prefsArray[48]-2)}. As a result, identifying an advanced society depends on the presence of such remains: the grander the buildings, the more advanced the society must have been. The range of dates can be interpreted that Carolina bays were either created episodically over the last tens of thousands of years or were created at time over a hundred thousand years ago and have since been episodically modified. "We cannot be certain, but a cosmic impact could have affected humans as a result of local changes in environment and the availability of food resources, associated with sudden climate change.". $("#5D").addClass('text-success font-weight-bold'); Because of Camel Bones, Says Science, The Architectural Bias in Current Biblical Archaeology,. Sources of Law of Evidence | Legal Beagle Matti Friedman Answers chosen: But the dig at the Faynan copper mines, which were also active around 1000 B.C., was already producing evidence for an organized Edomite kingdom, such as advanced metallurgical tools and debris. (On the other side, in this simplified breakdown, are the conservatives or maximalists associated with the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, who claim to have identified grand structures from the time of the united Israelite monarchy, supporting the biblical narrative.) if (prefsArray[58] != 0) { document.write(char='0ABCDE'.charAt(prefsArray[58])+"");} His field was paleomagnetism, the investigation of changes in the earths magnetic field over time, and specifically the mysterious spike of the tenth century B.C., when magnetism leapt higher than at any time in history for reasons that are not entirely understood. if (prefsArray[34] != 0) { document.write(prefsArray[34])}. Even when the machine confirmed their presence, she wasnt sure she was seeing right. Prior to 2013, it was commonly cited as having happened about 65 million years ago, but Renne and colleagues (2013) gave an updated value of 66 million years. Crucially, the cores also showed a near complete absence of gypsum, a sulfate-containing rock, which would have been vaporized and dispersed as an aerosol into the atmosphere, confirming the presence of a probable link between the impact and global longer-term effects on the climate and food chain. Allen West had the conviction expunged after the matter was reported on by Rex Dalton. The same paper also shows an apparent resurgence in population and/or settlements in the later Younger Dryas. ", "Rain driven by receding ice sheets as a cause of past climate change", "Texas Cave Sediment Upends Meteorite Explanation for Global Cooling", "Eruption of the Laacher See volcano redated", "Terrestrial Evidence of a Nuclear Catastrophe in Paleoindian Times", 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199610)11:6<481::AID-GEA2>3.0.CO;2-4, "Why won't this debate about an ancient cold snap die? Largest asteroid ever to hit Earth was twice as big as the rock that Because of Camel Bones, Says Science) and made it into the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory when Sheldon, a scientist, considers using the finding to challenge his mothers Christian faith. if (prefsArray[63] == 3) { document.write("")} Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event - Wikipedia Cookie Settings, Dmitri Kessel / The Life Picture Collection / Shutterstock, Dafna Gazit / Israel Antiquities Authority, Elie Posner / The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 1985, with the newly minted star Sharon Stone, The Whole Bible Thing Is B.S. A team of scientists from South Africa has discovered evidence partially supporting a hypothesis that Earth was struck by a meteorite or asteroid 12 800 years ago, leading to global consequences including climate change, and contributing to the extinction of many species of large animals at the time of an episode called the Younger Dryas. At Timna, too, the sophistication of the people was obvious, in the remains of intense industry that can still be seen strewn around Slaves Hill: the tons of slag, the sherds of ceramic smelting furnaces and the tuyres, discarded clay nozzles of the leather bellows, which the smelter, on his knees, would have pumped to fuel the flames. However, on the basis of data presented in their study, they state that the consequences of a hypothesised YD cosmic impact (including the dispersal of atmospheric dust) may have contributed to some extent to the process of extinctions not only in southern Africa, but also to that which occurred in North and South America as well as Europe, recognising synchroneity of Pt anomalies that has been cited in support the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis. Archaeologists, he observed, work with objects that last centuries or millennia, primarily stone structures, and with the types of waste that accumulate in permanent settlements and survive over time. A large soot anomaly was also found in cores from the site. With that in mind, Ben-Yosef and his colleagues from the University of California, San Diego unpacked their shovels and brushes at the foot of a sandstone cliff and started digging. 4. if (prefsArray[21] == 4 || prefsArray[22] == 4 || prefsArray[23] == 4 || prefsArray[24] == 4 ) { [67] A 2022 study by an independent group presents genomic evidence that a previously unidentified pre-18,000 BP South American population suffered a major disruption at the Younger Dryas onset, resulting in a significant loss of lineages and a Y chromosome bottleneck. Having assumed they were working at an Egyptian site, Ben-Yosef and his team were taken aback by the carbon-dating results of their first samples: around 1000 B.C. The. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. The biblical chronicles describe numerous battles between the polity that ruled this area, the kingdom of Edom, and the Israelites, who lived to the north. if (prefsArray[37] == 3) { document.write("")} It is 340 meters wide and will come exceptionally close to the Earth in 10 years' time. "[10], According to a high-resolution study of fossilized fish bones published in 2022, the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction happened during the Northern Hemisphere spring. In the review, Powell describes how, soon after the hypothesis was first published, a few scientists reported that they were unable to . The book is set not in the Holy Land but in the fictional African kingdom of Kukuanaland. Evolution: Extinction: What Killed the Dinosaurs? - PBS do not refute Younger Dryas impact event", "An independent evaluation of the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis", "The Murray Springs Clovis site, Pleistocene extinction, and the question of extraterrestrial impact", "Independent evaluation of conflicting microspherule results from different investigations of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis", "Cosmic-impact event in lake sediments from central Europe postdates the Laacher See Eruption and marks onset of the Younger Dryas", "Paleoindian Studies and Geoarchaeology at the University of Arizona", "Bayesian chronological analyses consistent with synchronous age of 12,835-12,735 Cal B.P. The Jerusalem-based journalist Matti Friedman is the author, most recently, of Spies of No Country: Secret Lives at the Birth of Israel. [23][24] In response, in June2013 some of the original proponents published a re-evaluation of spherules from eighteen sites worldwide that they interpret as supporting their hypothesis. ", "Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas boundary sediment layer", "Younger Dryas Boundary: Extraterrestrial Impact or Not? if (prefsArray[23] == 2 || prefsArray[23] == 3 || prefsArray[23] == 4) { document.write("")} if (prefsArray[52] != 0) { document.write(", ")} [1][2][3][4] The YDIH posits that fragments of a large (more than 4 kilometers in diameter), disintegrating asteroid or comet struck North America, South America, Europe, and western Asia around 12,850 years ago, coinciding with the beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling event. The site wasnt on Israels archaeological A-list, or even its B-list. Remarkably, archaeologists in South Africa have detected an almost simultaneous termination of the Robberg stone artifact industry associated with people in some parts of the country, including the area around Boomplaas near the Cango Caves in the southern Cape, close to the town of Oudshoorn. The archaeologists concluded that ancient nomads must have been similar, not only in dress and behavior but in their resistance to central authority and to the kind of cooperative efforts required for logistical projects such as building large, permanent settlements. Accommodating himself to the same considerations that would have guided the ancient mining schedule, Ben-Yosef comes to dig with his team in the winter, when the scorching heat subsides. if (prefsArray[70] == 2) { document.write("")} Did the mammoth slayer leave a diamond calling card? (In an animal pen off to one corner, you can also, if so inclined, run your fingers through 3,000-year-old donkey droppings.) [41] In 2019, Jorgeson and others tested this conclusion with the simulation of radiocarbon ages. They had determined that a space rock 1015km (69mi) in diameter hurtled into earth at Chicxulub. [7], The location of the impact was unknown when the Alvarez team developed their hypothesis, but later scientists discovered the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatn Peninsula, now considered the likely impact site. googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1449240174198-2'); }); The team, led by Professor Francis Thackeray of the Evolutionary Studies Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, discovered evidence of a remarkable "platinum spike" at a site called Wonderkrater in the Limpopo Province, north of Pretoria in South Africa. [50] Naturally occurring lonsdaleite has also been identified in non-bolide diamond placer deposits in the Sakha Republic. [62][needs update], A study of Paleoindian demography found no evidence of a population decline among the Paleoindians at 12,900100BP, which was inconsistent with predictions of an impact event. Finding nothing, in other words, didnt mean there was nothing. if (prefsArray[52] == 1 || prefsArray[52] == 3 || prefsArray[52] == 4) { document.write("")} He didnt come here to prove a point, but to listen to what the place could tell him. if (prefsArray[31] != 0) { document.write(", ")} if (prefsArray[69] != 0) { document.write(prefsArray[69])}. The original physical evidence that led Alvarez et al. if (prefsArray[21] == 3 || prefsArray[22] == 3 || prefsArray[23] == 3 || prefsArray[24] == 3 ) { [100] Skepticism increased when it was reported that one of the lead authors of the original paper had practiced geophysics without a license. Noting that meteorites are rich in platinum, Thackeray said "Our finding at least partially supports the highly controversial Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH). According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomons kingdom stretched from Syria in the north to the Red Sea in the south, uniting the fractious Israelite tribes and serving as the high-water mark of Jewish power in the ancient world. What would it be like to walk on an asteroid? Scientists explain (video) But a visitor walking through the eerie formations of the Timna Valley, past the dark tunnel mouths and the enigmatic etchings, is forced to accept the limits of what we can see even when we are looking carefully. Entire kingdoms could exist under our noses, and archaeologists would never find a trace. Select all that apply. if (prefsArray[51] != 0) { document.write(char='0ABCDE'.charAt(prefsArray[51])+"");} It was suggested that because these markers are found within or at the base of black mats, irrespective of age or location, they likely arise from processes common to wetland systems and not as a result of catastrophic bolide impacts. [77][78] However, this has been challenged recently due to improved dating of the most likely suspect, the Laacher See volcano. Alvarez hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Luis, left, and his son Walter Alvarez, right, at the K-T Boundary in Gubbio, Italy, 1981 The Alvarez hypothesis posits that the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and many other living things during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event was caused by the impact of a large asteroid on It was coined by the novelist. [66] The authors of a subsequent paper described three approaches to population dynamics in the Younger Dryas in North America, and concluded that there had been a significant decline and/or reorganisation in human population early in this period. [52] A greater disparity in extinction timings is apparent in island megafaunal extinctions that lagged nearby continental extinctions by thousands of years; examples include the survival of woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island, Russia, until 3700BP,[52][53][55] and the survival of ground sloths in the Antilles,[56] the Caribbean, until 4700 calBP. }, Attempts: Asteroid impact hypothesis as cause of the CretaceousPaleogene extinction, Timeline of CretaceousPaleogene extinction event research, "An extraterrestrial event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary", "Early Ideas About Impacts and Extinctions", "A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota", "Animals in North Dakota Died from Chicxulub Asteroid in Mexico", "Springtime was the season the dinosaurs died, ancient fish fossils suggest", "Fossil fish reveal timing of asteroid that killed the dinosaurs", "An asteroid killed dinosaurs in springwhich might explain why mammals survived - New study sheds light on why species extinction was so selective after the K-Pg impact", "Updated: Drilling of dinosaur-killing impact crater explains buried circular hills", "Drilling into the Chicxulub Crater, Ground Zero of the Dinosaur Extinction", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvarez_hypothesis&oldid=1146194222, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 23 March 2023, at 09:47. or later. if (prefsArray[49] == 3 || prefsArray[50] == 3 || prefsArray[51] == 3 || prefsArray[52] == 3 ) { His photographs have appeared in several publications, including Time and Vanity Fair. "Without necessarily arguing for a single causal factor on a global scale, we cautiously hint at the possibility that these technological changes, in North America and on the African subcontinent at about the same time, might have been associated indirectly with an asteroid impact with major global consequences," says Thackeray. The site had already been conclusively dated by an earlier expedition that had uncovered the ruins of a temple dedicated to an Egyptian goddess, linking the site to the empire of the pharaohs, the great power to the south. [b] Using statistical analysis and modeling, James P. Kennett and others concluded that widely separated organic-rich layers, including black mats, were deposited synchronously across multiple continents as an identifiable Younger Dryas boundary layer. Tsunami deposits in the Brazos River Basin in Texas, Gravitational anomalies on the Yucatn peninsula, from surveys done for oil exploration, Tsunamis, landslides, earthquakes, and heat caused by the impact. Many mammals became extinct in North America, South America and Europe at the time of the Younger Dryas. He also agreed with Ben-Yosefs identification of this society as Edom. if (prefsArray[63] != 0) { document.write(char='0ABCDE'.charAt(prefsArray[63])+"");} They confirmed that the rock composing the peak ring had been subjected to immense pressures and forces and had been melted by immense heat and shocked by immense pressure from its usual state into its present form in just minutes; the fact that the peak ring was made of granite was also significant, since granite is not a rock found in sea-floor deposits, it originates much deeper in the earth and had been ejected to the surface by the immense pressures of impact; that gypsum, a sulfate-containing rock that is usually present in the shallow seabed of the region, had been almost entirely removed and must therefore have been almost entirely vaporized and entered the atmosphere, and that the event was immediately followed by a huge megatsunami (a massive movement of sea waters) sufficient to lay down the largest known layer of sand separated by grain size directly above the peak ring. A power vacuum is good for scrappy local players, and its precisely in this period that the Bible places Solomons united Israelite monarchy and, crucially, its neighbor to the south, Edom. On a boulder are the outlines of ghostly chariots. What Is the Evidence for a Large Asteroid Impact at the Cretaceous Learn more about, The asteroid hypothesis was tested against many different lines of evidence. } Answers chosen: shocked quartz in the K-T boundary layer tektites, a type of melted rock spherules, glass-like beads in the K-T boundary layer iridium What was the critical piece of evidence that supported the hypothesis that an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago? Scientists explain (video) Astronauts exploring asteroids would face a host of dangers from sinking into killer "ball pits" to taking ill-considered jumps that could launch them to space. $("#4B").addClass('text-success font-weight-bold'); This would have led to the rapid burial of organisms under a thick layer of sediment. [8], In April 2019, a paper was published in PNAS which describes evidence from a fossil site in North Dakota that the authors say provides a "postimpact snapshot" of events after the asteroid collision "including ejecta accretion and faunal mass death". if (prefsArray[35] == 3 || prefsArray[36] == 3 || prefsArray[37] == 3 || prefsArray[38] == 3 ) { part may be reproduced without the written permission. Trace evidence. Foraminifera appear on both sides of the K-T boundary. Answers chosen: This includes things like DNA matching, fingerprint identification, hair evidence, fiber evidence and more. There are three primary sources for the laws of evidence. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. if (prefsArray[28] == 1 || prefsArray[29] == 1 || prefsArray[30] == 1 || prefsArray[31] == 1 ) { Privacy Statement ", "No evidence of nanodiamonds in Younger-Dryas sediments to support an impact event", "Impacts, mega-tsunami, and other extraordinary claims", "Nanodiamonds do not provide unique evidence for a Younger Dryas impact", "Absence of geochemical evidence for an impact event at the Blling-Allerd/Younger Dryas transition", "Geochemical data reported by Paquay et al. Instead, he continued: As a matter of fact, however, it may be categorically stated that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a Biblical reference. In other words, archaeology didnt have to prove the Bibles account of history, but it did prove it, or at least never disproved itand he himself, he wrote with pride, had discovered Solomons copper mines.. The Bible, however, describes camels many centuries earlier, in the time of the Patriarchspossibly an anachronism inserted by authors working much later. It wasnt the Jerusalem of Jesus, or the famous citadel of Masada, where Jewish rebels committed suicide rather than surrender to Rome. Back at the labs in Tel Aviv, another scholar was analyzing chunks of the charcoal used to fuel the smelting furnaces, trying to trace the depletion of local trees, acacia and white broom, which forced the smelters to bring in wood from farther away. if (prefsArray[71] != 0) { document.write(char='0ABCDE'.charAt(prefsArray[71])+"");} Medical research advances and health news, The latest engineering, electronics and technology advances, The most comprehensive sci-tech news coverage on the web. The rival schools of biblical archaeologists were split over whether the united Israelite kingdom was fact or fiction, arguing vehemently about whether certain ruins should be dated close to 1000 B.C. Their mining operation, in Ben-Yosefs interpretation, reveals the workings of an advanced society, despite the absence of permanent structures. Unfortunately for the Edomites, most of what we do know comes from the texts composed by their rivals, the Israelites, who saw them as symbols of treachery, if also as blood relations: the father of the Edomites, the Bible records, was no less than redheaded Esau, the twin brother of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob, later renamed Israel. At the same time, a previously existing temporal difference to the data from the Greenland ice cores was closed."[80]. Theyre helped by the remarkable preservation of organic materials in the dry heat, such as dates, shriveled but intact, found 3,000 years after they were picked. A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues. Select all that apply. While they are for the most part similar, there are some important differences. Strewn about were piles of black slag, fist-size chunks left over from extracting copper from ore in furnaces. Scratches on a cliff face turn out to be, on closer investigation, 3,200-year-old hieroglyphics. This is the first evidence in Africa for a platinum spike preceding climate change. if (prefsArray[29] == 1) { document.write("")} [9] The team found that the tektites that had peppered the area were present in amber found on the site and were also embedded in the gills of about 50 percent of the fossil fish. This conclusion was so firmly established that the local tourism board, in an attempt to draw visitors to this remote location, had put up kitschy statues in walk like an Egyptian poses. if (prefsArray[49] == 1 || prefsArray[49] == 3 || prefsArray[49] == 4) { document.write("")} For comparison, the Martian moon Phobos has a diameter of 22km (14mi), and Mount Everest is just under 9km (5.6mi). Did an asteroid kill the dinosaurs? This global dispersal of dust and sulfates would have led to a sudden and catastrophic effect on the climate worldwide, large temperature drops, and devastated the food chain.[15][16]. if (prefsArray[57] != 0) { document.write(char='0ABCDE'.charAt(prefsArray[57])+"");} Traces of the treasure can still be seen beneath your feet, in the greenish hue of pebbles or the emerald streak across the side of a cave. The impact theory provided an elegant solution to a prehistoric puzzle, and its steady march from hypothesis to fact offered a heartwarming story about the integrity of the scientific method .
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which evidence is consistent with the asteroid impact hypothesis? 2023